Abstract:Thisstudy aims to address the issue of bird conservation along the coastal regions of China, specifically focusing on the coastline of Guangdong Province. By
establishing various types of bird observation and conservation stations, as
well as facilities such as fish ponds, the study seeks to provide better living
spaces and food supplies for birds. Initially, the distribution and survival
conditions of birds in Guangdong Province are discussed, listing several large
existing conservation stations and introducing their biological conditions. The
study also delves into the living habits of birds, outlining the seasonal
patterns of common migratory bird species. Furthermore, the potential impacts
on waterbirds are analyzed, with a focus on the potential hazards of food to
birds, and the importance of strengthening the management and protection of
aquatic ecosystems is emphasized. By comprehensively considering factors such
as habitat environment and food supply, more effective protection of coastal
birds in China can be achieved. The study uses data to roughly simulate the
potential demand for bird conservation stations in various regions of Guangdong
Province. The task primarily involves establishing a linear programming model
to determine the number and type distribution of bird conservation stations
along the Guangdong coastline. Relevant coastal data from Guangdong Province
are collected, and the parameter values of each model are substituted into the
model. The solution is obtained using Matlab software, followed by an analysis
of the results and recommendations provided to relevant departments.
Keywords:seabirdhabitat, ecological conservation, linear programming, harmonious coexistence,
bird conservation station
1. Introduction
Waterbirds are relatively common,especially along the coast. Herons, such as the great egret, little egret, and night heron, are common, but certain sandpipers and ducks, such as the spoon-billed sandpiper and Chinese merganser, are critically endangered
species. Despite the government's efforts to protect the environment, some
species have become extinct, such as the Auckland merganser, due to past environmental damage. To prevent such tragedies from happening again and to
better protect birds, coastal bird conservation areas and habitats, which are crucial for bird resting and feeding, are particularly important[1].The question arises of how to economically and efficiently establish conservation areas to protect birds. One of the more effective and rapid methods for bird conservation is the establishment of various types of conservation stations[2].
2. Literature Review
Previous scholars have conductedin-depth research on this issue. Honda et al.[3] studied the changes in the proportion of metal elements inbirds over time, finding that these metals were highly concentrated in the liver, kidneys, feathers, bones, and skin, with lower concentrations in muscles and the brain. They concluded that fish, as a food source for birds, contribute to the increase in elements like Pb, Ni, and Hg withage. Jinling Liu et al.[4] researched the retention of heavy metals in birds, discoveringthe significant retention of heavymetals in fish in the South China Sea and highlighting its dangers. Penghou et al.[5] studied the distribution of birdsalong the Chinese coastline, presenting data on 488 different bird species and highlighting their main aggregation areas. Lu Zhang et al.[6] emphasized the dependence of over 240 migratory bird specieson the Chinese coastline and pointed out the ongoing reduction of wetlands,
concluding that bird conservation should focus on urbanizing rural areas.
Theunis Piersma et al.[7] addressed the serious loss of species in the Yellow Seamudflats and its adverse impact on bird survival, noting potential threats from development in Jiangsu. Zeng Xiangwu et al. analyzed waterbirds in the Haifeng Bird Conservation Area in Guangdong using transect and point sampling methods, identifying 92 bird species, with storks and herons being the most numerous, and found greater species diversity but lower overall diversity in winter. Li Hui et al.[8] usedthe MaxEnt model to collect bird data from Shenzhen Bay, concluding that water sources significantly impact birds and that bird numbers decrease with habitat fragmentation. Xuege Wang et al.[9] studied changes in coastline length and environment from1980 to 2018 in specific regions of China, highlighting environmental damage caused by human activities, particularly construction and land reclamation. Jeganathan Pandiyan et al.[10] found a strong correlation betweenmetal content in waterbirds' tissues and their food, using non-invasive biomonitoring techniques to analyze deceased waterbirds. They emphasized the need for enhanced management and protection of aquatic ecosystems to ensure the survival of wild species.
In summary, current researchprimarily analyzes bird survival from various aspects such as food and habits. However, there is a lack of comprehensive consideration of the construction of conservation facilities that integrate habitat environment, food supply, and other functions for bird protection. This paper attempts to study the
distribution of birds along the Chinese coast and resource allocation, focusing
on the coastline of Guangdong Province, particularly the South China Sea.
Recommendations are made for bird conservation along the Chinese coast by
establishing various types of bird observation and protection stations, as well
as fish ponds, to provide better living spaces for both migratory and resident
bird species.
3.Analysis of Bird Survival Status Along the Guangdong Coast
Currently, due to extensiveurbanization, bird habitats are continuously being compressed. This paper will
attempt to deduce habitat requirements for birds in Guangdong by analyzing
national data, and prioritize the establishment of different bird conservation
stations through priority and funding planning. This section will focus on
analyzing the basic conditions and survival status of birds along the Guangdong
coast[11].
3.1Analysis of Bird Conservation Areas Along the Guangdong Coast
Guangdong Province is rich in birdresources. Through literature review and data collection, typical bird conservation areas in Guangdong Province have been compiled. Below is the distribution of some bird conservation areas in various cities within Guangdong Province:
Shenzhen Bird Watching ConservationArea: Located on the east side of Shekou Peninsula, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, this is the only bird-watching conservation area in Shenzhen. It primarily protects coastal and wetland ecosystems and has high ornamental value.
Guangzhou Liwan Lake National UrbanWetland Park: Located in the northwest part of Liwan District, Guangzhou, this urban wetland park features lakes and rivers as its main landscapes, protecting many rare and endangered waterbirds.
Shaoguan Xianüyan Nature Reserve:Located in the northeast of Wujiang District, Shaoguan, this is the only karst peak forest nature reserve in southern China. It protects rare species such as Mandarin Duck, Golden-throated Barbet, and Pine Bunting.
Zhanjiang Dongshan IslandArchipelago Nature Reserve: Located in the southeast sea area of Zhanjiang, this is an important area for the habitat of rare birds in China, primarily protecting over 130 species of rare birds including the Black-headed Gull, Black-tailed Gull, and Three-toed Woodpecker.
Other Nature Reserves and WetlandParks: Several other nature reserves and wetland parks also possess significant bird resources, such as the Maoming Panlongjiang Wetland Park and the Nanhai Jianghai Waterbird Nature Reserve in Foshan.
By focusing on these conservationareas, the study aims to provide recommendations for the effective protection and management of bird habitats in Guangdong Province.
Table1. Area, Bird Species, and Vegetation Conditions in Various Cities of Guangdong
Province
City
Area
Bird Species
Vegetation Conditions
Shenzhen City
Bird Watching Protection Zone: approximately 380,000 square meters
Common Bird Species: Kingfisher Family: Red-billed Blue Magpie (Urocissa erythroryncha), White-throated
Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Little Blue Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis),
Blue-winged Pitta (Pitta moluccensis). Heron Family: Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea),
Intermediate Egret (Ardea intermedia), Great Egret (Ardea alba),
Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax). Endangered Bird
Species: Yellow-breasted Bunting (Emberiza aureola), Silver Pheasant
(Lophura nycthemera), Scaly-sided Merganser (Mergus squamatus).
Coastal Grassland: Found in beaches and coastal salt marshes, mainly composed of plants like bulrush (Typha) and
seablite (Suaeda). Coastal Secondary Forest: Comprised of small
trees and shrubs, such as Chinese White Olive (Canarium album), Chinese Holly
(Ilex chinensis), and Camellia (Camellia japonica). Wetland
Vegetation: Includes three types: submerged plants, floating-leaved
plants, and riparian vegetation, such as water caltrop (Trapa natans), water
chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), bulrush (Typha), and common reed (Phragmites
australis). Coastal Shrubs: Predominantly found in dikes and
coastal areas, featuring species like Phragmites (Phragmites australis),
Cyperus (Cyperus spp.), and Michelia (Michelia figo).
Guangzhou City
Liwan Lake National Urban Wetland Park: 270,000 square meters
Common Bird Species: Duck Family: Wild Duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Spot-billed Duck
(Anas poecilorhyncha). Heron Family: Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Yellow Heron
(Ardeola bacchus), Egret (Egretta garzetta), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta).
Herbaceous Plants: Reed Family: Includes species such as reed (Phragmites), bulrush (Typha), and calamus (Acorus), which grow around the lake's wetlands, stabilizing the shorelines and contributing to oxygenation while absorbing carbon dioxide.
Table 1. Area, Bird Species, and VegetationConditions in Various Cities of Guangdong Province
3.2 Bird Behavior and Habits
Given that the fundamental survivalneeds of birds include habitat, food, reproduction, and cooperation, this section will analyze their living habits in terms of habitat, foraging,
reproduction, and cooperation. The living habits of birds encompass habitat
selection, food acquisition, reproduction, cooperation, and defense mechanisms.
Habitat refers to the environments that birds choose for their survival,
including different types such as aquatic areas and forests. These habitats
provide protection and shelter, allowing birds to evade predators, find food,
and reproduce.
Food acquisition is one of the basicneeds of birds. Different species adapt to various types of food based on their beak shape and body structure. Their food sources include insects, seeds, fruits, fish, and small mammals. For example, eagles prey on other birds and small mammals, finches primarily consume seeds, while pelicans are adept at
catching fish.
Reproductive behavior is closelyrelated to the seasons. Birds choose suitable sitesto build nests or find cavities. Male birds often attract female partners by
displaying feathers, singing, and dancing. Once mating is successful, the
female lays eggs in the nest, and both parents participate in incubating and
feeding the young until they can live independently.
Some birds live in social groups,forming colonies and cooperating with each other. Migratory birds gather in large flocks and fly collectively during migration, helping and protecting eachother. Additionally, some birds exhibit social behavior, such as magpies, which form complex social structures and cooperate to protect nests and compete for
food resources.
Living in groups can provide betterdefense and protection mechanisms. Waterbirds in a group can collectively monitor the surrounding environment, detect potential threats early, and react accordingly. When a predator approaches, they can act collectively, using their numbers to intimidate or mislead the predator. Moreover, group living can offer more efficient foraging methods. Waterbirds in groups coordinate their actions
to find food resources more effectively. For example, some waterbirds form circles to drive fish towards the surface, making it easier to catch them.
3.3Seasonal Patterns of Bird Species and Populations in Guangdong Province
As a significant stopover on themigratory routes of birds, Guangdong Province sees a large influx of migratory birds in spring and autumn. In spring, many migratory birds travel from the south to Guangdong Province, such as the Siberian Crane, Whooper Swan, White Stork, and Black Swan. In autumn, these birds begin their northward migration, including species like the Common Crane, Ruddy Shelduck, Black Stork, and
White-tailed Eagle. Additionally, some migratory birds that overwinter also stay in Guangdong Province, such as the Red-necked Grebe and Black-headed Gull.
Guangdong Province also hostsnumerous resident birds that breed, overwinter, and reside locally. The resident bird species are relatively stable in comparison to migratory birds. For example, species like the Light-vented Bulbul, Yellow-bellied Prinia, White-browed Laughingthrush, and Fairy Pitta are common resident birds in Guangdong
Province. The populations and species of these resident birds also vary with the seasons. According to historical data and research, the number and variety of migratory birds in Guangdong Province show significant seasonal dynamics. Most migratory birds peak in numbers between March to May and September to November each year, with a more concentrated and abundant presence from March to May.
The changes in the number and typesof resident birds are small but also vary with the seasons. For instance, in summer and autumn, some resident birds begin to breed or migrate, resulting in a slight increase in their numbers. The presence of these migratory and resident birds enriches the bird diversity in Guangdong Province and provides
abundant opportunities for bird watchers. Protecting the habitats and ecological environment of Guangdong Province is crucial for maintaining the
stability and normal migration of bird populations.
Below are examples of commonmigratory and resident birds in Guangdong Province:
(1) Migratory Birds:
- Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus): Appears in Guangdong Province during spring and autumn,
with significant populations in areas such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and
Zhanjiang. - Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica): Migrates from the south to Guangdong Province in spring and
autumn, with spring migrations being more numerous. - Great Egret (Egretta alba): Typically migrates to Guangdong Province in autumn and breeds
locally. The southern coastal and inland river areas of Guangdong Province
are the primary regions for Great Egret breeding and habitation.
(2) Resident Birds:
- Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis): A resident bird in Guangdong Province that inhabits mountain
rivers, ponds, and lakes. - White-naped Crane (Grus vipio): A resident bird in Guangdong Province, usually overwintering
locally. Major habitats in Guangdong Province include Shenzhen, Zhuhai,
and Shantou. - Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach): Another resident bird in Guangdong Province, primarily
inhabiting grasslands, shrubs, and forest edges in mountainous and hilly
areas. Their breeding season is mainly in spring and summer.
Seasonal changes impact the birdpopulation in the region studied in this paper, with the arrival of migratory
birds significantly increasing food demand. Therefore, this paper attempts to
analyze the necessity of constructing bird conservation stations and determine
the optimal strategies for their layout by studying bird behavior, distribution
characteristics, and the current bottlenecks in their survival environment[12].
4.Analysis of Basic Characteristics and Layout Optimization Model for Bird
Conservation Stations
4.1Basic Concept of Bird Conservation Stations
Bird conservation stations areinstitutions or locations specifically established for the protection and study of birds. Their primary functions include bird surveys, monitoring and research, habitat protection and restoration, and educational outreach. These
stations employ various methods such as fixed-point observation, banding, and
sound recording to systematically record and analyze bird populations,
distributions, species, and behaviors. This aids in understanding bird population dynamics, migration routes, and timing, providing a scientific basis
for conservation measures. Additionally, they undertake educational outreach
tasks. Through exhibitions, lectures, training, and tours, bird conservation
stations educate the public about bird conservation, raise awareness, and
promote harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. These educational
activities help cultivate public interest and understanding of bird
conservation, encouraging participation from all sectors of society in
conservation efforts.
However, the core function of birdconservation stations is to provide basic habitat and food supplies to maintain bird populations and ecological balance. Thesestations maintain and improve bird habitats through measures such as vegetation
restoration and water quality improvement, including the protection of natural
wetlands, forests, grasslands, and artificially created habitats like artificial wetlands and vegetation restoration areas. These measures help provide abundant food resources, safe breeding sites, and suitable migration stopovers, creating an appropriate living environment for birds.
Figure 1. Bird Conservation Station
4.2Analysis of Basic Survival Needs of Birds
Coastal birds have different foodpreferences. Seabirds and waterbirds primarily inhabit marine or coastal areas, relying mainly on marine fish, fish eggs, and crustaceans. Gulls, albatrosses, and kites are examples of seabirds. Predatory waterbirds such as pelicans and cormorants primarily hunt fish. They possess keen vision and agile bodies,
enabling them to catch fish through diving. Algae-eating waterbirds, including
some ducks and geese, feed mainly on aquatic plants and plankton, absorbing
proteins and nutrients from submerged vegetation.
Different bird species have varyingfood intake requirements. Waterfowl, which swim to forage, such as cormorants and terns, typically need to consume about 20-30% of their body weight daily to meet their energy needs. Waders, which forage in shallow waters, such as mandarin ducks, need to consume about 15-20% of their body weight daily.
Seabirds, which live or forage in marine environments, such as gulls, typically
require about 15-25% of their body weight in food daily.
Waterbirds primarily source theirfood from fish, crustaceans, and insects. However, these food sources can pose safety hazards, particularly due to toxins. Some fish and crustaceans live in heavily polluted waters, potentially accumulating harmful substances like heavy metals and pesticides. When waterbirds consume these animals, they ingest these harmful substances, posing health threats. An example is mercury's impact on
piscivorous birds. A notable case is St. Louis River estuary in Minnesota, USA.
This area, once a thriving industrial city, suffered severe water and soil contamination due to significant mercury emissions. The bald eagle, a common bird in the area, faces widespread high mercury exposure. Research shows that mercury can transfer from fish to birds through the food chain, causing various health issues.
The bald eagle, a piscivorous bird,relies mainly on fish. When mercury enters the water, it is absorbed and converted into methylmercury by microorganisms, accumulating in small plankton, benthic organisms, and fish, which are then preyed upon by birds like bald eagles, exposing them to high levels of methylmercury. Prolonged exposure to
high levels of methylmercury can lead to symptoms such as sluggish behavior,
reduced immunity, and reproductive problems in bald eagles. It's noteworthy
that the impact of mercury on piscivorous birds like bald eagles is not short-term.
Mercury persists in the environment and accumulates over time, meaning bald
eagles may face mercury exposure for decades, even in the absence of new
emissions, causing long-term health problems.
Similarly, birds that consumeshellfish face risks due to toxic substances like red tide toxins. A notable event occurred in the Pacific Northwest of the USA in 1987, where a red tide event impacted local wildlife, including birds like gulls that feed on
shellfish and small fish. These birds were exposed to high levels of red tide toxins, resulting in health issues. Red tide toxins, produced by certain single-celled algae, can form tides in the ocean. Shellfish like oysters, scallops, and clams absorb these toxins. When birds like gulls consume these shellfish, they ingest the toxins, leading to symptoms such as neurological problems, muscle spasms, and respiratory difficulties.
In Guangdong Province, China, suchtoxin-related incidents are less common, but the phenomenon still exists and has certain impacts. In 2011, a bird poisoning incident occurred in Jinwan District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province. Local waters were heavily polluted by waste and contaminants, including industrial wastewater and pesticide
residues, causing severe contamination of aquatic life.
In this context, fish and shellfishare exposed to polluted water bodies and ingest contaminants. When local birds, such as seagulls, prey on these contaminated fish and shellfish, they also ingest these toxins. As a result, these birds suffer from poisoning,
experiencing health issues such as respiratory difficulties and neurological
abnormalities.
In addition to ingesting toxins,many seabirds in coastal and island areas are often observed consuming floating marine debris. This debris includes plastic fragments, fishing nets, polystyrene foam, and other materials. Prolonged exposure to plastic waste in the ocean leads to its breakdown into small particles known as "microplastics." Seabirds mistakenly ingest these microplastics as food, leading to the ingestion of significant amounts of plastic.
The consumption of plastic debriscan lead to severe health problems for seabirds. Plastic waste fills their stomachs, causing a false sense of fullness and resulting in malnutrition. Furthermore, the chemicals within the plastic may release toxic substances, adversely affecting the birds' physiological functions. These issues can lead
to reduced reproductive success, lowered immunity, and mortality among
seabirds.
In Zhuhai City's Xiangzhou District,the Gongbei Coastal Wetland Park was once a dense mangrove wetland, providing habitat and feeding grounds for numerous waterbirds. However, in recent years, rapid urbanization and land reclamation activities have led to the degradation and destruction of this wetland. Extensive landfilling, river pollution, and severe damage to the wetland ecosystem have resulted in many waterbirds losing
their habitats and feeding sites, with some endangered species facing the risk of
extinction.
In summary, bird food sources arediverse and fraught with safety hazards. Birds also require suitable habitats, making the construction of protection stations crucial for their survival. The types of protection stations include fishponds, residential stations, and
rescue stations. Different regions and bird species require tailored protection
stations.
4.3 Establishment of the Protection Station Layout Optimization ModelThe protection station layout optimization model is a site selection optimization model, which aims to determine the locations of a certain number of protection stations to optimally meet the needs of the number and service range of birds. This model considers the distribution characteristics and needs of protection stations, as well as the types and functions of protection stations. In this model, protection stations are divided into three categories, namely the first category of protection stations for fish ponds and food supply, the second category of protection stations for residential areas, and the third category of protection stations for rescue stations. The type of each protection station is represented by the parameter l = 1, 2, 3. The inputs of the model include the coastline length L, the number of birds on the coastline M, and the number of birds that each protection station can serve m_1, m_2, m_3 and the coverage radius r_1, r_2, r_3. In addition, the number of protection stations of each type to be established x_1, x_2, x_3 also needs to be determined. In order to optimize the layout of protection stations, research data can be used to understand the construction laws of protection stations, especially the laws in terms of the coverage area. This helps to determine the best location of protection stations to maximize the satisfaction of the needs of the number and service range of birds.
In summary, the protection station layout optimization model aims to determine the locations of a certain number of protection stations by considering factors such as the number and service range of birds, as well as the types and functions of protection stations, to optimally meet the needs. The inputs of the model include the coastline length, the number of birds on the coastline, the number of birds that each protection station can serve and the coverage radius, and the number of protection stations of each type to be established. By researching the construction laws of protection stations, the layout of protection stations can be optimized to provide maximum protection and services. The construction costs of each protection station are c_1, c_2, c_3 respectively. The total available funds are B. After setting the objective function and constraints, mathematical methods such as linear programming or nonlinear programming can be used to solve and optimize the model.
The objective function is to maximize the total number of served birds, that is, \maximize (m_1 * x_1 + m_2 * x_2 + m_3 * x_3). The constraints include that the number of all types of protection stations does not exceed the total number of protection stations (x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \leq k)， the coverage range of each protection station does not exceed the coastline length (r_1 * x_1 + r_2 * x_2 + r_3 * x_3 \leq L), and the total construction and operation costs do not exceed the available funds (c_1 * x_1 + c_2 * x_2 + c_3 * x_3 \leq B).
4.4 Solution and Result Analysis of the Protection Station Layout Optimization Model
Parameters r (coverage radius):- r_1 (the first category of protection stations): 5 - 15 kilometers, and 10 kilometers is taken when solving the model.- r_2 (the second category of protection stations): 10 - 20 kilometers, and 15 kilometers is taken when solving the model.- r_3 (the third category of protection stations): 3 - 10 kilometers, and 6.5 kilometers is taken when solving the model.
Parameters c (construction cost):- c_1 (the first category of protection stations): 250,000 - 400,000 yuan, and 325,000 yuan is taken when solving the model.- c_2 (the second category of protection stations): 300,000 - 600,000 yuan, and 450,000 yuan is taken when solving the model.- c_3 (the third category of protection stations): 150,000 - 300,000 yuan, and 225,000 yuan is taken when solving the model.
Parameters m (the number of birds that each protection station can serve):- m_1 (the first category of protection stations): 1000 - 2000, and the average value of 1500 is taken when solving the model.- m_2 (the second category of protection stations): 500 - 1500, and the average value of 1000 is taken when solving the model.- m_3 (the third category of protection stations): 200 - 800, and the average value of 500 is taken when solving the model.
Parameter B (total available funds): Assume that the government appropriation is 10 million yuan.
Parameter k (total number of protection stations): Assume that the government approves the construction of at most 20 protection stations.
Substituting the above variable parameter values into the model, the following model solution process and results are obtained:
Objective function: Maximize the total number of served birds
\maximize: 1500 * x_1 + 1000 * x_2 + 500 * x_3
Constraints:
1. The number of all types of protection stations does not exceed the total number of protection stations:
x_1 + x_2 + x_3 \leq 20
2. The total construction cost does not exceed the available funds:
325000 * x_1 + 450000 * x_2 + 225000 * x_3 \leq 10000000
3. The coverage range of protection stations does not exceed the coastline length
10 * x_1 + 15 * x_2 + 6.5 * x_3 \leq 3368
4. Non - negativity constraints of variables:
x_1 \geq 0, x_2 \geq 0, x_3 \geq 0
By programming and solving with Matlab software, the results are obtained as x_1 = 20, x_2 = 0, x_3 = 0, and the maximum number of served birds is 30,000. It can be concluded that when setting up bird protection stations in Guangdong Province, mainly adopting the first type of protection stations can achieve the maximum number of served birds, which is 30,000.
Under the above - mentioned conditional constraints, different regions should also have different limitations. Here, only the simplest limitation is made, that is, determining different minimum values for different regions. In different regions, due to different bird demands, the required quantities of different types of protection stations also vary. And it is also necessary to consider that the construction costs may be different in different regions. Here, several suitable locations for constructing protection stations in Guangdong Province are discussed, and the basic information is given.
Shenzhen City, Bird Demand: Shenzhen City has rich natural resources and diverse ecological environments, attracting a large number of birds to inhabit and migrate. There are already several bird reserves and nature reserves in the city, and a high degree of attention is paid to bird protection. Natural Cost: The geographical environment of Shenzhen City is relatively complex, including wetlands, mountainous areas, and coastal areas. The construction of protection stations may require land consolidation, ecological restoration and other work, resulting in a relatively high natural cost. Construction Cost Range: According to the characteristics of tight land and high cost in the urban area, the construction cost of the first type of protection station is between 500,000 and 800,000 yuan, the second type is between 600,000 and 1,000,000 yuan, and the third type is between 300,000 and 500,000 yuan.
Zhuhai City, Bird Demand: Zhuhai City is located on the east bank of the Pearl River Estuary, with rich coastal wetland and coastline resources, attracting many migratory and waterbirds to inhabit and migrate. There are already some bird reserves in the city. Natural Cost: The geographical environment of Zhuhai City is relatively flat, and the construction of protection stations may require wetland protection, vegetation restoration and other work, resulting in a moderate natural cost. Construction Cost Range: The construction cost of the first type of protection station is between 400,000 and 600,000 yuan, the second type is between 500,000 and 800,000 yuan, and the third type is between 250,000 and 400,000 yuan.
Zhanjiang City, Bird Demand: Zhanjiang City is located in the western coastal area of Guangdong Province, with rich coastal wetland and coastline resources, attracting many migratory and waterbirds to inhabit and migrate. There are already some bird reserves in the city. Natural Cost: The geographical environment of Zhanjiang City is relatively complex, including wetlands and mountainous areas. The construction of protection stations may require terrain consolidation, ecological restoration and other work, resulting in a relatively high natural cost. Construction Cost Range: The construction cost of the first type of protection station is between 450,000 and 700,000 yuan, the second type is between 550,000 and 900,000 yuan, and the third type is between 300,000 and 500,000 yuan.
Shantou City, Bird Demand: Shantou City is located in the eastern coastal area of Guangdong Province, with wetland and coastline resources, attracting some migratory and waterbirds. There are already some bird reserves in the city. Natural Cost: The geographical environment of Shantou City is relatively flat, and the construction of protection stations may require wetland protection, vegetation restoration and other work, resulting in a moderate natural cost. Construction Cost Range: The construction cost of the first type of protection station is between 400,000 and 600,000 yuan, the second type is between 500,000 and 800,000 yuan, and the third type is between 250,000 and 400,000 yuan.
Meizhou City, Bird Demand: Meizhou City is located in the northeastern part of Guangdong Province, with some wetland and mountainous resources, attracting some terrestrial birds. There are already some bird reserves in the city. Natural Cost: The geographical environment of Meizhou City is relatively mountainous, and the construction of protection stations may require mountain ecological restoration, vegetation protection and other work, resulting in a moderate natural cost. Construction Cost Range: The construction cost of the first type of protection station is between 350,000 and 550,000 yuan, the second type is between 450,000 and 750,000 yuan, and the third type is between 200,000 and 350,000 yuan.
The following are some suggestions:
Shenzhen City: There is a relatively large demand for the first type of protection station, and a moderate demand for the second and third types. Zhuhai City: There is a moderate demand for the first and second types of protection stations, and a relatively small demand for the third type. Zhanjiang City: There is a relatively large demand for the first type of protection station, and a moderate demand for the second and third types. Shantou City: There is a moderate demand for the first and second types of protection stations, and a relatively small demand for the third type. Meizhou City: There is a moderate demand for the first and second types of protection stations, and a relatively small demand for the third type.
5. Conclusion
Based on the above analysis andresearch, the following suggestions are made: Firstly, strengthening habitat protection is crucial forconserving wild bird resources. Protecting the habitats necessary for bird survival and reproduction can reduce the damage and pollution caused by human activities. The government should increase investment in habitat protection and restoration to promote ecological environment recovery and improvement. Secondly, the government should formulate relevant policies and regulations, establish a wild bird protection management system, and strictly combat illegal hunting, selling, and consumption of wild birds to protect their legal rights.
Thirdly, conducting scientific research on the ecological environment,
ecological functions, and population distribution of wild bird resources in
Guangdong Province is essential to provide a scientific basis for formulating
protective and management measures. Research institutions should enhance
studies on wild bird ecology and behavior to obtain information on their
distribution, quantity, species, and ecological needs, thereby providing
scientific support for bird conservation and management. Finally, protecting
and managing wild bird resources in Guangdong Province is a significant task
that requires the joint efforts of governments at all levels and all sectors of
society. Only through collective effort can wild bird resources be effectively
protected and managed, contributing to ecological environment protection and
sustainable development.
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